![]() ![]() The rest is absorbed into Earth’s atmosphere. Natural Solar Energy Greenhouse Effect The infrared, visible, and UV waves that reach Earth take part in a process of warming the planet and making life possible-the so-called “greenhouse effect.” About 30 percent of the solar energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space. The color red has the longest wavelengths (closest to infrared), and violet (closest to UV) the shortest. Sandwiched between infrared and UV is the visible spectrum, which contains all the colors we see on Earth. Most heat from the sun arrives as infrared energy. The sun also emits infrared radiation, whose waves are much lower-frequency. Less potent UV rays travel through the atmosphere, and can cause sunburn. The most harmful UV rays are almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. The most high-frequency waves emitted by the sun are gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation (UV rays). The vast majority of electromagnetic waves are invisible to us. In contrast, low-frequency waves have much longer wavelengths. Waves with very short wavelengths repeat themselves several times in a given unit of time, so they are high-frequency. The frequency of a wave represents how many times the wave repeats itself in a certain unit of time. The electromagnetic spectrum exists as waves of different frequencies and wavelengths. The energy, heat, and light from the sun flow away in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Solar energy warms Earth, causes wind and weather, and sustains plant and animal life. Solar energy is constantly flowing away from the sun and throughout the solar system. Nuclear fusion by the PP chain reaction or CNO cycle releases tremendous amounts of energy in the form of waves and particles. Currently, less than two percent of the sun’s energy is created by the CNO cycle. The CNO cycle also converts hydrogen to helium, but relies on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (C, N, and O) to do so. In stars that are about 1.3 times bigger than the sun, the CNO cycle drives the creation of energy. The temperature for these stars is around 4 million degrees on the Kelvin scale (about 4 million degrees Celsius, 7 million degrees Fahrenheit). The PP chain reaction occurs in other stars that are about the size of our sun, and provides them with continuous energy and heat. In its core, the sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen every second. This process, known as a PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, emits an enormous amount of energy. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom. Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun. , tn) where f is a function symbol and the ts are terms Variable = a string that starts with an upper case letter.Constant = a string that starts with a lower case letter or a number.Constants, variables and functions are terms.Two compounds unify if (1) they have the same name, (2) the same number of arguments, (3) all of their arguments unify, (4) their variables can be instantiated consistently.A variable unifies with any kind of term., tn) where p is a predicate symbol and ts are terms. Variable = string that starts with a capital letter.Atom = string that starts with a lower case letter.Atoms, numbers, variables and compounds are terms.Unification with typical Prolog terminology: It was somewhat challenging to explain unification when using LP terminology i made an attempt. This corresponds to the use of “atom” in classical first order logic.Īm I correct in assuming that (1) is the proper definition for “atom” when talking about Prolog, and that (2) is the proper definition for “atom” when talking about logic programming? I think that a reason for my confusion is that I think of Prolog as an instance of logic programming.ĮDIT ********************************************** , tn), where the ts are terms and p is a predicate symbol. Riguzzi (2018) and Baral and Gelfond (1994), “atoms” are said to be terms with the form p(t1, t2. (2) In texts about logic programming, e.g. ![]() Accordingly these are atoms: john, grandparent, etc. Used as name for compound terms, to represent constants or text.”. (1) In Prolog an atom is said to be a “Textual constant. I am somewhat confused about how to use the word “atom” in a paper we are writing. I posted this question on the SWI Prolog Discourse forum and got some useful comments, but maybe people here might also have some ideas about this topic. ![]()
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